Blood pressure
Know and understand your blood pressure numbers to make sure they are not too high. Blood
pressure numbers include:
You often see blood pressure numbers written with:
the systolic number above such as 120
the diastolic number below 80 mmHg
or
the systolic number first/the diastolic number second, such as 120/80 mmHg.
The mmHg is millimeters of mercury, which is the unit used to measure blood pressure.
Normal blood pressure should be less than 130/80.
If you are aged 50 or younger you should have a blood pressure test every two years. If
you are older than 50, a blood pressure check every year is recommended.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced naturally by the body and found in blood. The
liver makes about two-thirds of cholesterol. Much also comes from foods, especially
those high in saturated fats. Cholesterol is essential for the function of every cell in
the human body, but too much is a problem.
Cholesterol consists of:
LDL cholesterol is known as 'bad' cholesterol because it tends to clog blood vessels,
which can lead to cardiovascular disease. When a blood cholesterol reading is high, it
usually means LDL levels are high. Saturated fat in the diet (eg, fatty meat, butter,
cheese) can increase LDL levels.
HDL cholesterol is known as 'good' cholesterol and can help unclog blood vessels. High
HDL levels are a good sign. HDL levels can be increased by eating more polyunsaturated
fats (eg, safflower oil, salmon, walnuts, sunflower seeds).
Another kind of fat found in the bloodstream is called triglycerides. When you have a
cholesterol test, the test may also measure your level of triglycerides. Fats in food
form triglycerides; these are absorbed into the blood and then either burned for energy
or deposited into the body's fat stores.
Cholesterol levels
A certain amount of cholesterol is necessary for the normal functioning of the body, but
too much of it is dangerous, especially for the heart. There are general guidelines that
help you to know if your cholesterol is too high; however, other factors such as family
history and cultural background should also be considered when deciding if your
cholesterol is too high.
Generally, it is recommended that if your cholesterol is heading towards 6.0 or more,
you will need to take action to reduce it. Other figures to be aware of are your good
and bad cholesterol; these are also important in working out your overall heart disease
risk.
HDL-C (good cholesterol) – aim for greater than 1.2
LDL-C (bad cholesterol) – aim for less than 2.5
TG (triglycerides) – aim for less than 2.0.
If you are older than 45, it is recommended that you have a cholesterol check every five
years. If you are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease due to high blood pressure,
diabetes, your ethnic background or family history, you may need your cholesterol
checked more regularly.
Blood sugar
If the level of sugar in your blood is too high, it can cause damage to your blood
vessels and organs, such as eyes, kidneys, heart and skin.
Blood sugar levels to be aware of:
Normal blood sugar:
Blood sugar greater than this may indicate diabetes and requires more testing.
Body mass index (BMI)
One common measure of whether a person is overweight or obese is the body mass index, or
BMI. BMI is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by the square of your height
in metres:
A BMI of:
less than 20 is considered underweight
20-25 is considered normal weight
26-30 is considered overweight
30 and over is considered obese.
Abdominal circumference
The size of your waist can indicate if you are at risk of heart disease or diabetes.
A rounder waist has an increased risk:
BMI and waist circumference are just two measures of weight and should be considered
alongside other measures of your health, such as cholesterol, blood pressure and
blood glucose. For instance, a woman with a BMI of 27 might be just overweight, but
healthy according to measures of blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose.